Socialism ABC v1.0

SINGULARPOINTIT capitalism socialism edupreface:Is northern Europe socialism?http://www.zhihu.comBased on the rational a

SINGULARPOINT

IT capitalism socialism edu

preface:

Is northern Europe socialism?http://www.zhihu.com

Based on the rational and objective analysis of history and reality in the way of following the principles of dialectical materialism and formal logic, this paper expounds socialism in order to achieve the following goals:

1To prove the necessity, possibility and reality of socialism is not only scientific but also realistic.

2He criticized not only pre socialist capitalism, but also feudalism of pre capitalism.

3Against all kinds of Utopian Socialism -- petty bourgeoisie, peasant feudalism, fascism -- and all kinds of pitiful howls, absurd fantasies and romantic feelings.

4To reconstruct socialist ideology on the basis of science and reality, so that the ideology has a real scientific and realistic economic foundation.

(long text warning!Reading this article, as long as the reader is serious about logic, I believe that you will be able to suddenly open up and gain something.If you can point out the improper points, thank you more!)

Premise (Philosophy and methodology)

1Dialectical materialism and materialist dialectics

2Historical materialism (productivity and relations of production, economic base and superstructure)

3Formal logic

1、 Why is socialism so controversial?

1First of all, it is because subjectively, socialism basically belongs to human beings' subjective yearning for a better future based on the suffering of thousands of years of history.Since it is subjective, it is easy for people to fall into fantasy, fantasy and fantasy before discovering and deeply understanding the objective law of historical development.

2What's worse, people use all kinds of subjective imagination to guide practice, and even adopt deceptive, absurd and extreme methods, thus paying not only the price of blood and life, but also destroying the spiritual support of human http://beings.In retrospect, as Marx said, "poverty, the prevalence of extreme poverty; in the case of extreme poverty, we must start the struggle for necessities again, and all the stale and dirty things will come back to life again" [1].

3After paying a painful price, people have to face the reality (although there are still some old and young people and the dragon like Ye Gong are still there bitterly and indignantly). However, due to the lack of understanding of the law of historical development, although they give up the fantasy, they are trapped in a dilemma because of theoretical poverty, and are poor in coping with itYimudan.

Theory must not only be able to be tested by practice, but also transcend reality in order to guide practice.Because man is not a bee, his practice is not a bee's nest [2]. Man is conscious, and his practice is under the guidance of consciousness.Consciousness will rise to theory, thus negating the initiative of theory, and can only fall into blindness.

Good wishes, ugly results.

The above is the fundamental reason why the theory and practice of socialism have been disputed for a long time.

2、 How should we pursue a socialism that is not only scientific but also realistic?

1"Ideal" can only be the result, and can't be the goal to pursue.Because it's too dangerous, and it has been proved by painful historical facts.As Gu Zhun once said: it was an illusion of trying to establish heaven on the earth [3]. Marx also said: "communism is not a situation that should be established for us, nor an ideal that should be adapted to reality" [4]. In this regard, Engels even said that "we have no final goal" [5].What we need is not only scientific, but also realistic path - just as Einstein's theory of relativity is scientific, but it does not mean that we can travel in time and space now and tomorrow. In fact, it can only be used in GPS in reality.

2Just as substantive justice can be achieved only through procedural justice, the development of human history is an objective movement - "what we call communism is the movement to eliminate the reality of the existing situation" [4] (according to Marx, it is "the historical development process of nature" [6]). We must focus on finding the law of this movement and according to this ruleThe law ensures that the motion is in the right orbit, so that it can finally reach, at least infinitely, the other side of the ideal (as shown in Galileo's ideal slope experiment), rather than trying to establish heaven on earth.

Therefore, this paper is only aimed at "socialism", not "communism" -- at present, it can only be purely academic. As Marx said, "to make a purely theoretical and necessarily illusory prediction of the future revolutionary action program will only shift the focus on the current struggle" [8].

3、 What is not only scientific, but also realistic socialism?

1There are various kinds of socialism in human history from ancient times to the present. No matter what kind of subjective evaluation is made on these various kinds of socialism, the objective fact is that these socialism are the objective results of the development of human history.Therefore, to understand socialism, we must first review the history of human development.

(1) In primitive society, due to the low productivity, the tribal community was an equal co production - individual could not survive, and equal distribution was equally distributed; otherwise, individuals with less distribution could not survive, which would endanger the existence of the whole tribe.

(2) With the development of productive forces, the increase in the number of products has reached a surplus relative to the survival needs, which directly makes the tribal prisoners from the original killing to economically profitable slaves.The tribal leaders were transformed into slave owners, others were gradually transformed into slaves, and the primitive public ownership was disintegrated.This is the first time in human history that the means of production has been separated from the labor force (private ownership), and it is also the first unequal society in history.

In the slave society, the slave is not a human being but a tool to the slave owner, and the slave owner is completely personal to the slave.The slave owners owned both the means of production (private ownership) and the labor force of others (slaves). All products, including production surplus, were completely owned by the slave owners, and then distributed to the slaves by the slave owners (i.e., exploitation).

Nevertheless, at the same time, the Democratic Republic and the rule of law of Greece and Rome developed for the first time in the slave society.This is a great progress in the history of human politics.

(3) The complete personal ownership of slaves by slave owners hindered the liberation of labor force in productive forces. The development of productive forces requires the owners of means of production to loosen their control over labor force.The development of human society into feudal society is the second unequal society in human history.Here, although the means of production continues to be separated from the labor force (private ownership), and the owners of means of production continue to own the surplus of production (exploitation), the society has progressed to the point that workers only attach themselves to the owners of means of production and land (farmers and serfs have no freedom to migrate and can not leave the land at will).This is a great progress of human society, which even made feudalism at its peak also made mankind approach common prosperity and well-off for the first time (rule of Wenjing, governance of Zhenguan Kaiyuan [9] [10] [11]).

However, the superstructure on this economic basis (small farmers and personal attachment) has regressed politically, that is, autocratic rule ("I am the state").

In this society, the classic fantasy of workers is Zhang Lu's equalitarianism in the Three Kingdoms period.

(4) With the continuous development of the productive forces, the small commodity economy in the feudal society sprouted out of the capital society.When the expenditure currency is to increase the value of money and is realized through free employment, then the currency becomes http://capital.In this society, the means of production (capital) continues to be separated from the labor force (private ownership), and the owners of means of production continue to have surplus production (exploitation of surplus value). However, workers have equal personality and personal freedom to the owners of means of production, that is: Capitalism = private ownership of means of production + free employment of labor + market economy.

The superstructure on the basis of this kind of economy is, politically, republicanism, democracy, rule of law and constitutionalism.Human beings have finally found the right political path.

To sum up, the nature of a society depends on: firstly, the relationship between the means of production and labor force, whether it is unified or separated; secondly, whether the labor force is owned by others, dependent on or owned by itself.

2What's wrong with capitalism that needs socialism?

(1) In the capital society, from the means of production (capital), products (commodities), production surplus (surplus value) and labor force have become commodities (small commodity economy will be transformed into market economy), and they have obtained value, a form of undifferentiated human labor, which makes reproduction surpass the kind of material object subject to the slave society and feudal society in the pastThis kind of restriction of concrete material form becomes a kind of infinite circulation movement through the pursuit of production surplus -- surplus value -- this kind of undifferentiated human labor.

On the one hand, the "infinite circulation" of this movement made the capital society promote the great development of productivity at a speed far faster than that of the slave and feudal society in the past (in Marx's words, it was "a huge accumulation of commodities" [12]). On the other hand, it also led to the trend of unlimited expansion of production, and at the same time, the income of laborers continued to be limited by their ownProduction leads to the imbalance between production and consumption - surplus of products (relative) and insufficient demand for payment (relative) - that is to say, the income of workers, who account for the vast majority of the population, can't buy back all the products they produce (after excluding necessary deduction), and commercial products can't realize the "thrilling jump" under the market economy, and the economy and the financial crisis appear.Therefore, the market economy is a surplus economy.

In the crisis, productivity has been destroyed, and the society has to realize the rebalancing of production and consumption by destroying a lot of wealth on the one hand and producing a lot of painful poverty (unemployment) on the other.

A $1 house,http://www.sohu.com/a/275248066_100222664

This makes socialism become the inherent requirement of the development of social productive forces.To be specific, on the one hand, capitalism has solved the problem of productivity development within the scope of productivity itself (including but not limited to the infinite cycle of pursuing undifferentiated human labor), but on the other hand, as the shell of the existing productivity, the private capital production relationship constrains the development of productivity and shows itself in the form of crisisAs the saying goes, it is to lose weight by eating Croton.Thus, in terms of ideology, there appeared various socialist theories, such as Irving, Fourier, marnles, Bernstein, and even Hitler.

(2) Therefore, socialism does not fall from the sky, it is and can only be the product of the development of capitalism.Without capital society, socialism is impossible to talk about.The core goal of socialism is to solve the imbalance between production and consumption in capital society.This goal is the primary, core and basic significance of socialism.

(3) That is to say, the core foundation of socialism is not based on consciousness, not on emotion, not on morality (fairness, justice and conscience), not on the superstructure of the state and nation, but on the first basis of economic basis, that is, to solve the problem of imbalance between production and consumption in capital society, because capitalism has solved production within the scope of productivity itselfThe problem of force http://development.In a word: socialism is based on materialism, not idealism.All the above-mentioned buildings, ideology, including fairness, justice and conscience, are idealistic, Utopian, and even reactionary.

in a word:

If capitalism is not in crisis, then socialism is meaningless!

If capitalism is not in crisis, then socialism is meaningless!

If capitalism is not in crisis, then socialism is meaningless!

Say important things three times.

In fact, if there is no crisis in the capital society, in a large sense, history will come to an end; from a young age, as long as it is not too much, ordinary people can tolerate exploitation and inequality, and not many people will care about rashism and complain at most.It's better to live your own small life than anything (but as a thinker, you have to think about these problems).

3Although socialism has its significance, just as perpetual motion machines are impossible, isn't it impossible for human society to have a perfect system?Didn't we say that we should not dream of "establishing heaven on earth"?

Yes, human society can not have a perfect system, but the problem is that there is no need to "eat Croton to lose weight" in the objective reality.The problem now is just how to develop this sprout, which is inevitable in history, to solve the problem of capitalism and enable the productive forces to further develop.As for the imperfection of socialism, that is the problem to be solved in the next step in the development of productive forces.

4Where is the bud?Why is scientific and realistic socialism possible?How to achieve this goal?

(1) Obviously, according to the above, in order to solve the imbalance between production and consumption in the capital society, the production surplus can not continue to belong to the owners of the means of production as a minority, because the balance between production and consumption can not be achieved with their http://number.In other words, the surplus of production must be distributed to every member of society.

(2) However, according to the development process of human history mentioned above, no matter how the society develops, the surplus of production must belong to the owner of means of production, and the income of laborer is bound to be limited to the reproduction of labor force, which does not depend on people's subjective will (that is why we have always heard the roar of workers for a long time).

Only the owners of the means of production can own the production surplus, and only they can consume the production surplus and put it into reproduction.That is, the distribution difference between workers is determined by the difference in the amount of labor(polarization between the rich and the poor) - because the function of production surplus is and always is to support the owners of means of production and expand reproduction (as for "distribution according to work" has always existed only among workers [15].When the scope is extended to workers and the owners of means of production, it can only be collectively referred to as distribution according to http://factors.In fact, the distribution of products in human history has always been based on the distribution of production factors.The so-called "distribution according to work" which is often mentioned in reality belongs to the illusion of "labor fetishism" which sanctifies and absolutizes labor).

Singarpoint: on exploitation http://v1.0zhuanlan.zhihu.com

(3) Therefore, the first thing to be solved in the new society is the private ownership in the capital society -- the separation of means of production and labor force.That is to say, we should find all kinds of public ownership, which is different from the public ownership based on universal poverty in primitive society, equalitarianism in feudal society, or public ownership based on general shortage and impersonalization in Modern Soviet Union, so as to meet the level of contemporary productivity and continue to pursue surplus value as in capital societyIn order to realize the unity of the means of production and labor force again, the undifferentiated human labor realizes the infinite circulation of reproduction and promotes the development of productive forces (inheriting capitalism).

Only in this way can all citizens of the whole society obtain the labor income for labor reproduction and the distribution income of production surplus as the owner of the means of production, so as to realize the balance between production and consumption, and eliminate the crisis fundamentally and in principle.

(4) According to historical materialist dialectics, Sublation: this form of public ownership can not, and can never be, come out of people's mind in the first place, and it must come from the objective historical reality.

According to Marx, this "historical reality" is "the new social factors bred by bourgeois society itself" [16].In other words, this embryo of "new social factors" has already existed in the capital society, but it is wrapped in the shell of private capital. Now our task is just to discover it and cultivate http://it.In philosophy, this is the requirement of materialism.Secondly, it is also a "natural historical development process".Socialism as a movement, "new social factors" is the starting point of this movement.[4] In philosophy, this is the requirement of dialectics.

<1> History: A. common ownership in German law

b. Co ownership by shares in Roman law

<2> Reality: C. from individual or family private ownership to stock ownership (this kind of private ownership only obtains the form of Social Union, and the essence is still private) and legal person.

d. Financial capital

e. Monopoly capital

f. Externalities of economy (economy and diseconomy)

g. "Too big to fail"

h. Government owned

i. "Money"

This is the general development process in the capital society. From this process, we can see clearly that the internal logic is the development from private ownership to social union.

(5) To sum up, the general idea is to use a to transform C based on B, so as to rebuild the individual ownership of the whole people.

(6) It can be assumed that in a market economy with a mixture of public and private sectors (there is "big" in G, then there is "small", so there must be "public" and "private", so the market economy is also inevitable, which is the inheritance of the capital society in line with the actual productivity level), there is such a (and the only) independent of the government (because the government is not a profit)A commercial corporation that owns part of the assets of the society (including land and natural resources monopolized by F and de owned by G).According to law, this legal person is created by the people&apos;s democracy, that is, the public opinion organization, and is responsible for this organization. On the basis of national democracy, it operates in accordance with the commercial law of market economy, that is, its sole goal is to maintain and increase the value of its assets under management, and its final income is evenly distributed to each citizen after deducting the necessary items such as expansion and reproductionttps://http://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/114281290）。

(7) From (6), every citizen - from a baby born, to a vegetable, to a prisoner - can get this part of the asset income, plus personal labor income, which can solve the crisis of surplus fundamentally, primarily and once, with the increase of the proportion of this part of assets in the whole society&apos;s assets, rather than from the United States as it is nowTo Europe, then to East Asia, the use of a variety of financial and taxation, the symptoms do not cure the root cause of scratch and self deception specious words, so that even the queen of England in 2008 at the London School of economics asked the question: why can&apos;t economists predict the financial crisis?The economists present were silent and silent.This is a disgrace to mankind.

(8) As this part of the income belongs to each citizen&apos;s asset income, non labor income, therefore:

<1> The consumption of this part of income must be restricted in accordance with the law, in order to prevent "raising lazy men".This restriction can only be used for personal pension, medical care and unemployment security.

<2> It is not a "gift" from the government and the state, but a legitimate and natural asset income that is independent of the government and truly belongs to all citizens.As a result, the current welfare (social security, medical insurance, etc.) from the main taxes is no longer completely dependent on the government, but gradually has its own solid economic foundation.

<3> It is on the basis of "every member of society becomes a property owner". With the development of economy, it is possible to achieve the goal of "reaping without labor". In other words, it is gradually approaching that labor has become a real need of human beings rather than a means of making a living.For thousands of years, all the tragedies of laborers are fundamentally due to the lack of "assets".Only with "assets" can we obtain "assets" income (that is, "get without labor") can labor really become the need of human beings themselves, instead of just a means of making a living as it is now.Just think about the "difficulty in getting up" every day, until the scavengers under the viaduct to avoid the cold wind can understand.and

12 yuan duck rice, earn less but happy, who let me have 10 buildings![late night meal 04]_Bili Bili (゜゜゜) cheers~http://-bilibiliwww.bilibili.com

It is also proved by "tearful smile".

(9) This part of the assets is "jointly owned" by every citizen of the whole society, not by individuals or by shares

<1> Although the income is evenly distributed to each social member, this part of the assets as a whole is inseparable.There is no specific number of shares owned by a certain member, nor can it be traded, transferred, donated, mortgaged or pledged like stocks.

<2> There is no personal inheritance of these assets.Every citizen automatically gets the "common ownership" right after birth, and the rights and interests also disappear after death. Here, the inheritance right has disappeared.

(10) It is obviously wrong to understand "production" as merely a means of living.Because this "production" has long been realized in rich northern Europe.

(11) Private ownership of capital will continue in the foreseeable future, including market economy, wage labor, so-called "Exploitation" and "996", because this is the requirement of the actual level of http://productivity.In the actual level of productivity, they still have a promoting effect on productivity, without which there would be no bat.What is against capital society is not necessarily socialism, but also a more backward and reactionary feudal society.The thoroughgoing materialist is fearless and can bravely and clearly say this point and admit it.Now what we have to do and can do is to explore the "new social factors" under the existing productivity level, cultivate and gradually expand - "Rome was not built in a day." Engels also said, "when we transfer the means of production to the whole society, we will be satisfied.".

(12) This common legal entity is different from the government-owned enterprises in reality. The former directly belongs to every citizen and is independent of the government. Moreover, it is a profit-making entity. Its operation is completely based on economic laws, thus breaking the stigma and shackles of "state capitalism" on socialism.For the latter, because the government is not a profit-making organization, the government ownership system does not operate in accordance with commercial http://laws.In fact, all government-owned enterprises contain non economic factors (so the existing government-owned enterprises will continue to be retained).Government ownership only belongs to the superstructure of government, so government ownership cannot and should not become the real economic foundation of a society.

In a word, government ownership, as the superstructure of secondary ownership, does not meet the requirements of the economic foundation of a society for primary ownership, which is "personification". Therefore, the non personified secondary ownership can not determine the nature of a society.So we can see the existence of government ownership from Guan Zhong to today.For a society, the economy (productivity and relations of production) is the foundation, not the superstructure.It is the economic base that determines the superstructure, not the opposite, and even less the superstructure that determines itself. It is not realized that sooner or later there will be a big price to pay.

In fact, the development of capital society has atomized individuals, which is the necessity of capital development (of course, this atomization has brought many side effects), and what Marx pursues is the realization of individual Union (equal union of free people) on the basis of the atomization of individuals, that is, the "common common ownership" mentioned in this paper, rather than the impersonal stateThe "illusory community" of "the illusory community".

(13) This economic entity is unique and social (Nationwide). It is totally different from the pepper sown, small-scale and separate "cooperatives" and state-owned enterprises. It breaks the halo over the so-called "collective", "cooperative" and "state".

In real life, a house (as well as a factory) belongs to both husband and wife, which is the smallest public ownership.But this does not deny that your house and my house are private property.Therefore, the real co ownership system can only be the only common ownership in the whole country (the owner must also be every citizen).On this issue, the view that cooperative system belongs to public ownership, which has been held since Marx, is wrong.

The common assets may not include all the assets of the society (of course, it can also be seen here that the public ownership must be limited by the level of productivity), but the common assets can no longer be divided into several parts, because once divided, these parts can only be private relations. There are still transactions between these entities, and the relationship between them is still private, which is not humanWill is transfer.

In fact, these forms have never shown signs of becoming mainstream in history.That is to say, along with (11), modern productive forces have developed to the point that they can not continue to use government ownership, let alone collective ownership and employee ownership, as the realization form of socialist common ownership, but require a unified single entity of the whole society to realize socialist co ownership.

(14) This special common economic entity

It sublated the private ownership of the capital society (from the primary individual or family private ownership to the senior share ownership by shares) and the government ownership of the "total capitalist";

It makes every citizen have real assets that belong to themselves and other citizens, and every citizen can exercise his own ownership and gain benefits through democratic means.

It is completely established on the basis of modern market economy and isolated from the "father&apos;s love" from the government; as a legal person, it is completely equal with other private economy in law, and gradually strengthens itself through market competition; finally, it approaches private capital to complete natural evolution and realize self extinction.

It is the essence of real socialism.

As every member of society becomes a property owner, the assets owned must be a kind of individual joint assets and common assets.Don&apos;t think that this is an empty and illusory statement. Just as Marx and Engels said, dialectics is materialistic dialectics. The "common ownership" is around you and me, and it is an objective existence.Because these four words are written on one of my house property certificates.This is a special common ownership based on the Germanic law in history.Rediscovering capitalism is a difficult and difficult point.

In the capital system, although the Bourgeoisie "first produced its own grave diggers", this does not mean that the proletariat, as the grave digger, has found the tools for digging tombs.This tool is hidden in the capital society. It is not the superstructure, but the economic foundation.Only by finding this economic foundation can the proletariat really bury the capital system.

(15) As for the superstructure, because it is the economic foundation that determines the superstructure, the equality, freedom, republicanism, democracy, rule of law and constitutionalism in the original capital society will continue to be inherited on the basis of this new economic foundation, and a new ideology, unity, will be put forward on this basis.If the banner of capitalism is "freedom", then the banner of socialism is "equal union of free people".

(16) What is socialism?

The socialism we are talking about is the kind of socialism that is both scientific and conforms to the law of dialectical development of historical materialism, and it is also the kind of socialism that conforms to the level of productive forces at that time. It is a society in which there exists such an economic entity, in which the whole people and individuals are jointly owned, privately owned, employed labor and market economy.

(17) It turns out that even in the "first stage", Marx&apos;s assumption is too advanced.As a matter of fact, all the means of production of the whole society have been publicly owned, so there is no exchange of goods and markets, let alone "996".Today, it is impossible for real productivity to achieve http://this.In my opinion, as a movement, socialism must have a beginning, just as the quantitative change to the qualitative change in dialectics. Therefore, what we have to do now is to first find out "the new social factors bred by the bourgeois society itself", and then start with it.This head is the entity.

(18) From the perspective of the proletariat, that is: the great goal of the proletariat is not to transform the society with its own features, so that all members of the society can become proletarians. On the contrary, it is to transform its own face so that every member of society can become a proletariat.

This "every member of society" of course also includes the existing asset owners.Now the word "class" has been stigmatized as a matter of http://discomfort.In fact, Marx once said that capitalists are just personification of capital. In fact, he is only performing the function of http://capital.In other words, in the eyes of ordinary people, they only see "the wine and meat stink" in the eyes of ordinary people, but capitalists are also slaves of money (Ma Yun&apos;s pretense is not totally unreasonable).

For the proletariat, it is not so much to "eliminate" the bourgeoisie as to "eliminate" itself. It is not so much the liberation of the proletariat that it is better to realize the liberation of all members of society.

A truly scientific socialist theory is to "eliminate" the proletariat and make every member of the society become a proletariat, otherwise, this theory can not become a reality.Everything that does not aim at "eliminating" the proletariat and making every member of society a bourgeois is false political economy.

(19) Is this society perfect?

Obviously not - there&apos;s no heaven on earth.

<1> Limited by the actual development level of productive forces, the co ownership system only contains part of the social means of production, and the planned economy only exists in the above-mentioned entities. This society also contains the part of the capital society. There are still some problems in the capital society mentioned above: the part of private ownership still produces products beyond the ability to pay, the disordered market economy and the so-called "Exploitation" dependenceIn the old days, labor was still employed, and it did not become the need of people themselves ("12 yuan duck meal, less money but happy, who let me have 10 buildings![late night meal 04]_BiliBili "(゜゜゜゜つロロロ゜゜゜゜゜゜゜゜゜つロロ゜.

However, it must be pointed out that the actual productivity, until the foreseeable future, private ownership and market economy are in line with the level of productivity.Without private ownership and market economy, bat and Huawei cannot exist.Only a materialist must admit http://this.In a short period of time, even man-made "elimination" - rather than "Sublating" private ownership and market economy, can only dream (those who want to even physically eliminate private ownership are absurd and shameless people).

We must give adequate inheritance to the capital society. What is "enough"?That is, we must take productivity as the basis, and how backward the productivity is, we must have how much inheritance of capital, rather than relying on subjective desire to think that it is only a simple "supplement".

But at the same time, it must be pointed out that these problems are on the track of approaching solutions - the above-mentioned entities expand with the development of productivity.This is a movement, a movement of dialectics.This is where true socialism lies.

<2> As far as the entity itself is concerned, there are also contradictions. The biggest weakness lies in the agency problem inherent in the system of common ownership.At present, this problem can not be fundamentally solved, and can only be gradually optimized in practice.However, it must be pointed out that this problem is not unique to the common ownership system. As long as there are agents, there will be this problem. This is an endogenous contradiction in the modern economy (a typical example is that during the 2008 crisis, the agents of Medvedev General Motors still had luxury business aircraft).

<3>。Of course, absolute equality does not exist, but equality should be the principle, and inequality is the exception.Therefore (as a preliminary assumption), it must be emphasized that the operational land and natural resources including the whole society must be (gradually) completely controlled by this entity, and most of the operational financial assets must also be controlled by this entity.The relationship between this entity and the coexisting private capital economy in the society: the two coexist in the same society, there must be cooperation and competition, but the premise is that the entity must grasp the economic lifeline of the society, and can not be eroded and engulfed by private capital.But at the same time, for the sake of the development of productive forces, they can not completely abandon equal competition. As a legal person, they are equal with private capital in personality and law

<4>。Therefore, the main thing between the two is to handle this point well.For example, the management of streetlights can not be purely profit-making, but must be mixed with government factors.The relationship between this entity and the coexisting government-owned economy in the society: the principle is that the former is purely profit-making, while the latter is not purely profit-making - including political, some market failure (such as externalities (economic and non-economic), public goods, non-symmetric information)

<5> Thank youThere are too many co owners, and everyone&apos;s perceived positive feedback is too small

@People on the tower

）。For this problem, it is very difficult for the current level of productivity, because the amount of joint capital is indeed smaller than the number of http://owners.In this case, we can only rely on the superstructure to strengthen, rely on the political force of the vanguard and the force of the law to maintain and defend the system, so as to expand the amount of joint capital and increase the corresponding ratio with the development of productivity, so as to increase the positive feedback of everyone&apos;s perception of payment.

4、 What are the problems of contemporary political economy?

1First of all, there is no understanding of capitalism, private ownership, market economy, socialism, public ownership and planned economy from the perspective of historical materialism.

Give an example.

The capitalism we see now (private ownership of capital, market economy, polarization between the rich and the poor, exploitation, 996, trade unions, etc.) is as follows:

The socialism we want is this:

But the reality is this:

Why?

Because I didn&apos;t see this

If we don&apos;t see the "new social factors bred by bourgeois society itself", we sow dragon seeds and harvest fleas.As Engels said, "immature theories are compatible with immature capitalist production and immature class conditions.Solutions to social problems are still hidden in underdeveloped economic relations, so they can only be produced from scratch.It is the rational task of thinking to eliminate the disadvantages.Therefore, it is necessary to invent a new and more perfect social system and impose it on the society from the outside through publicity, and possibly through typical demonstration.This new social system is doomed to be utopian from the beginning. The more detailed it is formulated, the more it will fall into pure fantasy. ".

Capitalism and socialism are not a simple comparative relationship between who is better than who is better than who is worse, nor is it a vulgar, so-called inclusive and balanced relationship. It is an objective law that does not transfer people&apos;s will and emotion: negation and inheritance sublation。The argument that "garlic" is better or "garlic sprout" is really boring and ridiculous.Isn&apos;t "garlic sprout" inevitable for the objective development of "garlic"?

Dialectics is not a simple and vulgar dichotomy.The so-called "sublation" and "extinction" refers to not only that the objective things have "good" side, but also "bad" side, and it means that the objective thing itself has an objective process of development, and the germ of its development is bred in itself, just like garlic sprouts, and finally become seedlings.This is "sublation" and "extinction", rather than simply "elimination" of garlic.According to Marx, this is a natural historical process.

Therefore, socialism does not fall from the sky. As an objective movement, it is and can only be the result of the development of capitalism. This is historical dialectical materialism.

2It is a typical vulgar economics to discuss the system in terms of distribution

The reason is very simple, according to Mann&apos;s theory, production determines distribution, not the opposite.It is production that determines the system, not the opposite.Marx&apos;s classic example: there is no difference in the taste between the flour produced by slaves and that produced by small farmers. The core of the problem is how to produce (means of production and personal ownership).

Distribution, such as polarization, polarization between the rich and the poor, exploitation, Gini coefficient, common prosperity and so on, is not the primary, core and basic significance of socialism.It is vulgar to discuss socialism on the basis of distribution.As a matter of fact, distribution is not a big deal for ordinary people as long as they can live a good life (especially if political control is strong or liberal ideology is strong - for example, the United States).The problem is:

<1> The distribution imbalance will worsen with inflation, which is likely to lead to political instability.

<2> Further development of the deterioration of the distribution imbalance will directly lead to the economic crisis, which is commonly known as "insufficient demand".

4、 What are the current difficulties of socialism?

1There are also many social crises of capital.But "the dead still catch the living.".

(1) There is no recognition of the economic "new social factor" in the capital society: common ownership.

(2) In terms of ideology, there is still not enough understanding of "the more thorough and further development of various principles put forward by the great French Enlightenment scholars in the 18th century".

(3) Nordic success is based on cultural traditions.

(4) The fall of the Soviet Union was really cruel.

2Why did the Soviet Union fail?——In practice, wartime economy and crisis economy are regarded as the starting point of socialist economy.

In the capital society, wartime economy and crisis economy have actually deviated from the requirements of the economy itself, and mixed with non economic factors, which are considered as the starting point of socialism (that is, the first button is wrongly buttoned, which is manifested in "planned economy" and "nationalization"), which is totally a historical misunderstanding.The real socialism can only come from the "new social factors" in the normal economy of capital society.Generally speaking, do you want to lose weight by eating Croton, or by cultivating your own internal genes?Is it Croton or gene?

What&apos;s more tragic is that it happened in the backward countries which contained a large number of feudal heritages, which led to the backward feudal legacy not being completely destroyed, but mixed with seemingly advanced utopian socialism to form a complete hodgepodge, and finally died of shame。

So what we see in this hodgepodge is the economic shortage and the political and military tension, which completely deviates from the prosperity and peace that socialism should have, because prosperity and peace are the real inheritance of capitalism.

The root cause of this tragedy lies in the violation of dialectics and anti capital for the sake of anti capital.Seeing the crisis and anti crisis of capital, we think that this is socialism.On the contrary, it only shows the necessity of socialism, not the sufficiency of socialism.The real sufficiency of socialism can only come from the "new social factors" bred in the normal economy of capital society.Because our aim is not to use crisis to counter capital, which can not realize real socialism, but to eliminate the possibility of crisis itself.

It&apos;s as if one&apos;s eyes are toward the front, but one&apos;s step is backward. This is actually the strangeness of the former Soviet Union (at least in Lenin&apos;s time).And many people only see its eyes, not his http://steps.In the history of our country, the person who was "in the opposite direction" at least had his eyes in the wrong direction, but his thought was in the right direction and was easy to understand. However, many people couldn&apos;t think of the strangeness of the former Soviet Union.

3，“Cultural Revolution”

(1) Bureaucracy and government ownership exist in various social systems. Human history has already proved that democracy is the only feasible and realistic solution.

(2) When violence is emphasized on the other hand, and only the bourgeoisie&apos;s anti feudal autocratic revolution has achieved this in history, it means that this behavior is still bourgeois in nature, and the result must be inseparable from the capitalist pattern.When a modern society still needs the so-called "dictatorship" violence to achieve social change, then it proves that capitalism is inevitable to continue to exist in this society.This is contrary to the previous "dictatorship" violent subjective desire.

Democracy, freedom, rule of law and human rights are the excellent heritages left by the capital society to human history. Therefore, in order to sublate the capitalist society, future generations must and should find new ways to realize the new social system on the basis of this heritage.

5、 It is necessary to find out what is true socialism

In the era of Marx and Engels, prudence wrote the philosophy of poverty, and Marx ironically wrote the poverty of philosophy, which, in Marx&apos;s words, is now "theoretical poverty".This "poverty" directly leads to the usual confusion of thinking and logic, and what we see is all kinds of debates and debates.Any normal society must have its own set of theories that can round the past, persuade the intellectual class, and at least be accepted by the general public, just like the original Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty&apos;s "Confucianism alone", otherwise this society will be unstable.On this issue, it is only self deception.As for ideology, "as long as a theory persuades people, it can master the masses; and as long as a theory is thorough, it can persuade people. The so-called thoroughness is to grasp the root of things.".

6、 How to develop socialism

1First of all, there must be a theory.

"No revolutionary theory, no revolutionary action." "the worst architect is better than the most clever bee from the beginning is that he built the beehive in his own mind before he built it with beeswax.The result obtained at the end of the labor process already exists in the appearance of the laborer at the beginning of the process, that is, it exists conceptually

According to historical dialectical materialism:

Capitalism has problems that cannot be solved by itself,

What is socialism?

——It&apos;s the way to solve problems that capitalism can&apos;t solve on its own - not anything else.In this sense, socialism is very simple. Don&apos;t imagine how complicated and tall it is. To put it bluntly, that&apos;s what it is.

Why Socialism?

——Because capitalism has problems that cannot be solved by itself, and it wants to solve them in a socialist way.

What (core) problems do you want to solve with socialism?

——There is a relative surplus of production and insufficient demand for payment.——This is also the most painful problem for the people: there are a lot of things and there is no money to buy.

How is socialism possible?

——Because there are "new social factors" in capitalism, the liberation and development of this factor can realize socialism. The "common ownership" in reality is the "new social factor". Now it is based on this "common common ownership" to establish the entity, which can really solve the suffering of the people fundamentally, and do not make any false claims.

It is not easy to build socialism. This is not a problem. It can be understood and accepted. However, the theory must first be able to convince itself and save its own soul. Second, it must be questioned and there is no absolute truth.

2Second, practice

Because socialism is a scientific exploration process. According to Einstein, science depends on "formal logic" and "systematic experiment".The former theory belongs to "formal logic", which can only be realized through practice.

The practice of the proletariat must be guided by scientific theories. To take an extreme example, it is totally undesirable to destroy machines like the one in the past.

7、 Back to Philosophy

As Marx said, "the true law of dialectics has already existed in Hegel, and nature is a mysterious form". Undoubtedly, dialectics is a major difficulty in understanding problems and looking at reality.It is even more difficult to lay a materialist foundation for it.Therefore, the relationship between garlic, garlic sprout and garlic sprout is the key to the whole discussion.

Finally, it must be pointed out that a society is not only an economy, but also a very important superstructure, even if it is secondary.I don't mean to be economic at all.The main reason why there is not much ink on the superstructure in this paper lies in the sensitive words.Even so, this article is still sealed, it is really speechless.